This puzzle is not from the Calculator Fun and Games book, but another one that would be suitable (if you had time). Early indications and preliminary reading indicate that this one could take some time to complete, but let's wade in anyway.
The game would be described in this way:
Take a number (three digits to start with)
Reverse the digits to form a new number
Add the two numbers together (this makes a change from subtracting...!)
If the new number is not a palindrome, continue reversing digits and adding.
Let's start with 456
456+654 = 1110
1110+0111 = 1221 so it's a palindrome.
Let's try 782
782+287 = 1069
1069 + 6901 = 10670
10670 + 7601 = 18271
18271 + 17281 = 35552
35552 + 25553 = 61105
50116 + 61105 = 111221
111221 + 122111 = 233332 which is a palindrome.
And let's try a smaller three-digit number, 165
165 + 651 = 816
816 + 618 = 1434
1434 + 4341 = 5775 which is a palindrome.
This is called the Lychrel process, and it's not named after a famous mathematician. It makes a change! It was named by a man called Wade van Landingham in 2002, who created the name as a rough anagram of his girlfriend's name, Cheryl. Unlike most mathematical concepts, this one is not hundreds of years old - this also makes a pleasant change!
There is one number which has not yet been found to form a palindrom after many, many iterations of the Lychrel process, and that's 196. Innocuous, isn't it?
196 + 691 = 887
887 + 788 = 1675
1675 + 5761 = 7436
7436 + 6347 = 13783
13783 + 38731 = 52514
52514 + 41525 = 94039
94039 + 93049 = 187088
187088 + 880781 = 1067869
1067869 + 9687601 = 10755470
10755470 + 7455701 = 18211171
18211171 + 17111281 = 35322452
35322452 + 25422353 = 60744805
60744805 + 50844706 =
My spreadsheet goes a little further:
60744805 + 50844706 = 111589511
111589511 + 115985111 = 227574622
227574622 + 226475722 = 454050344
454050344 + 443050454 = 897100798
897100798 + 897001798 = 1794102596
And then starts throwing "#VALUE!" messages at me, without reaching a palindrome.
The general definition for a Lychrel number is one that does not reach a palindrome in fewer than 500 iterations. This is easier to measure compared to 'never reaches a palindrome', and that means that the Lychrel numbers (more than 500 iterations) include 295, 394, 493, 592 and 689.
Some numbers immediately become palindromes after one iteration - these are trivial, commonplace and not very interesting! For example, 110 + 11 = 121, and any other number where the units value is zero, and the hundreds and tens are both less than five. The longer ones are definitely more interesting, because there's no obvious pattern (and it reminds me of the Collatz conjecture, which I'll be revisiting soon). Larger numbers which need more than 500 iterations include 10538, 10553 and 10585.
So: can you find numbers which reach a palindrome before they make your calculator (or your spreadsheet) explode?
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